A Deformation Estimation Method with Experimental Demonstration for 4D Printing (3D Printing and Deformation) Design Applications

Affiliations

1Brunel Design School, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge, UB83PH, London, UK

Correspondence

Mr. Jinghao Bai, Brunel Design School, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge, UB83PH, London, UK.

Abstract

4D printing is the first 3D printing, followed by object deformation. 4D printing allows the user to study in a direction. As for how to change 4D printing researchers to study the problem, the shape changed. Simulation is the visualisation of the change process. For 4D printing, object deformation algorithms and simulations are used to address user needs for shape‑changing. It is possible that some research is conducted through algorithmic searches and may yield estimates based on algorithms and prototypes developed through experiments. Existing 4D printing technology cannot control or predict the deformation range, nor correct it algorithmically. This article helps designers and engineers use 4D printing by experimenting with 4D printing deformation using user-friendly software through an experimental approach. Present 4D deformation results via an interface using predictive methods. This research primarily investigates the experimental validation of deformation estimation for 4D:3D printed parts following shape distortion. Primarily addressing experimental variations in 4D printing to solve the problem of software for validating the 4D printing designer-driven deformation control method.

Keywords

4D printing, Deformation, Additive Manufacturing, Experiment, Estimation, Algorithm.